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The paper provides an application and comparison for four
mutually complementary tests
that are based on product price movements over time.
+1
economics
tests mutuellement complémentaires
Tests qui se complètent mutuellement et sont considérés conjointement.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
3.2.1) illustrates the relevance of mutually adjusting domestic (constitutional) and international standards.
law
ajustement mutuel des normes internes (constitutionnelles) et internationales
Normes constitutionnelles internes et normes internationales qui sont ajustées les unes aux autres.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
By way of summary, the Cypriot paradigm thus represents a hybrid model that does not fall in either of the two categories
in a mutually exclusive manner
, but rather belongs to both categories.
law
de manière mutuellement exclusive
D'une manière qui fait que deux catégories ne peuvent pas s'appliquer en même temps.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
the content is neither overlapping nor
mutually exclusive
law
mutuellement exclusifs
Incompatibles entre eux, de sorte que les deux ne peuvent pas s’appliquer en même temps.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
These two subsections are
not necessarily mutually exclusive
.
law
pas nécessairement incompatibles entre elles
Elles ne sont pas toujours incompatibles ; les deux dispositions ou interprétations peuvent s’appliquer en même temps.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
For a state that is in a
tightly mutually interdependent system
, practical sovereignty consists in being understood as a player to whom neighboring states listen, with whom they actively negotiate, and whose national interests are taken into consideration.
politics
système de forte interdépendance mutuelle
Un système dans lequel les membres dépendent fortement les uns des autres.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
A modern integration clause should highlight the
complementary and mutually stabilising dimension
of the different constitutional levels.
law
dimension complémentaire et mutuellement stabilisatrice
Un aspect dans lequel les différents niveaux constitutionnels se soutiennent et se renforcent mutuellement.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
What will happen to the
mutually divergent national languages and cultures of law
when independency and autonomy of a common European law are presumed?
law
langues nationales et cultures juridiques mutuellement divergentes
Des manières nationales distinctes d’exprimer et de comprendre le droit, qui diffèrent les unes des autres.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
The paper provides an application and comparison for four
mutually
complementary tests that are based on product price movements over time.
academia
mutuellement
Cela indique que les tests se complètent les uns les autres.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
These three elements
mutually
support each other.
urbanism
mutuellement
réciproquement
Décrit le soutien réciproque apporté par les trois éléments du modèle de l’espace urbain.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
Develop AI Park 4.0 with a stronger focus on the integration of cross-border collaboration and industrial ecology, while establishing an interconnected and
mutually beneficial
ecological platform network.
business
mutuellement avantageux
Décrit un accord qui présente des avantages pour toutes les parties concernées.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
These three elements
mutually support each other
, engage in continuous learning, and undergo upgrades and iterations.
urbanism
se soutenir mutuellement
S’aider et se renforcer mutuellement.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
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