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substitution
UK
/ˌsʌb.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən/
US
/ˌsʌb.stɪˈtuː.ʃən/
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It does no more and no less than focus the attention of the analyst on the precise (or somewhat precise, as will be discussed) question of how much
substitution
away from the products in the provisional product market would be necessary to defeat a potential anticompetitive price increase.
+6
economics
замещение
взаимозаменяемость
Обозначает переход покупателей к относительно более дешёвому товару и отказ от более дорогого.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Understanding the seesaw effects: pollutant
substitution
in the process of energy consumption, water pollution, and welfare maximization.
+3
environment
замена
замены
Обозначает замену отдельных материалов для реновации альтернативами, снижающими выбросы.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
Substitution
is more than a name
+2
cooking
замена
Обозначает использование другого ингредиента вместо того, который изначально указан в рецепте.
Same Dinner Time, Different Ingredients
Adapt a simple meal using drained weights and package instructions; explain how the substitute changes texture, liquid and sequence.
Another question suggested itself: Had the
substitution
been arranged in advance?
+2
crime
подмена
замена
Относится к замене оригинальных документов копиями так, чтобы этого не заметили.
The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar
"The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar" by Maurice Leblanc is a collection of stories published in 1907. This debut collection introduces the charming and cunning Arsène Lupin, a master thief who outsmarts police and high society alike. Through nine tales of daring heists, clever disguises, and audacious escapes, Lupin proves himself an unmatched criminal genius. From shipboard robberies to prison breaks, he taunts authorities—including a famous English detective—while stealing priceless treasures with impeccable style and wit.
Far less its
substitution
by an EU law supremacy clause.
+1
law
замена
Относится к замене парламентской процедуры чрезвычайной правительственной процедурой.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
The presence of similarity between the characteristics and the intended use of products indicates the existence of so-called
functional substitution
between them (Davis and Garces 2010).
+1
economics
функциональная взаимозаменяемость
функциональное замещение
Способность товаров выполнять сходные функции, благодаря чему они могут быть взаимозаменяемыми в конкурентной борьбе.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The key concept, on which the definition of relevant market is based, is the concept of interchangeability, i.e.
demand-side substitution
.
+1
economics
замещение со стороны спроса
Замещение одного товара или услуги другим со стороны покупателей; используется для определения релевантного рынка.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Demand substitution
+1
economics
замещение спроса
замещение со стороны спроса
Степень, в которой покупатели переходят на альтернативные товары, когда товар становится менее привлекательным, например из-за повышения цены.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Two
substitutions
and one trade-off.
+1
shopping
замена
В заголовке говорится о замене двух продуктов в плане другими вариантами.
The Bigger Pack Was Not the Better Buy
Complete case with a natural discussion, evidence and conclusion.
the
substitution
mechanisms
law
замещение
Относится к правовым механизмам, позволяющим федеральному органу выступать вместо другого органа.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
If the
substitution
or suspension of imprisonment is not possible.
law
замена
Относится к замене лишения свободы другой предусмотренной законом мерой.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
In 2014, the special law was amended in order to simplify the
substitution mechanisms
in matters concerning the reduction of greenhouse gases in execution of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
law
механизмы замещения
Процессы, позволяющие одному органу или механизму заменить другой.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
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