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Biblioteca
Contenuti multimediali
5
Testi
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Filtri
dependence,
avoidance
, repulsion, and separation
+1
urbanism
évitement
L’une des façons modélisées dont les fonctions urbaines sont en relation spatiale.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
combatting tax
avoidance
by multinational enterprises
tax
évitement fiscal
En matière d’évitement fiscal, les entreprises organisent leurs affaires afin de réduire leurs paiements d’impôts ; le terme n’implique pas nécessairement une évasion fiscale illégale.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Viljanen V.-P. (1999) Poikkeuslakien välttämisen periaate (The
avoidance
of exceptive enactments principle).
law
évitement
Désigne le principe juridique consistant à éviter les textes législatifs d’exception.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
fraught with backtracking and
avoidance
politics
évitement
Désigne le fait d’éluder les étapes ou les engagements nécessaires à l’intégration.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
An example is the OECD approach to combatting
tax avoidance
by multinational enterprises as part of the organisation’s action plan on ‘base erosion and profit shifting’ (BEPS), which in Switzerland has contributed to the launch of a corporate tax reform.
taxation
évitement fiscal
Dans ce contexte, les moyens par lesquels les entreprises multinationales réduisent leurs obligations fiscales, souvent sans enfreindre directement la loi.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
(
The avoidance of exceptive enactments principle
).
law
principe d’évitement des lois d’exception
Un principe juridique qui privilégie le recours à la législation ordinaire plutôt qu’à des textes législatifs d’exception.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Without it every step will prove tortuous and
fraught with backtracking and avoidance
.
politics
émaillé de retours en arrière et de tentatives d’évitement
Décrit un processus qui implique des reculs répétés et des tentatives d’éviter les questions difficiles.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Cultural strategies of agenda denial:
Avoidance
, attack, and redefinition
politics
évitement
Répertorié comme l’une des stratégies de déni de l’agenda.
Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories
This Open Access Book is the first to examine disasters from a multidisciplinary perspective. Justification of actions in the face of disasters requires recourse both to conceptual analysis and ethical traditions. Part 1 of the book contains chapters on how disasters are conceptualized in different academic disciplines relevant to disasters. Part 2 has chapters on how ethical issues that arise in relation to disasters can be addressed from a number of fundamental normative approaches in moral and political philosophy. This book sets the stage for more focused normative debates given that no one book can be completely comprehensive.
The central governments, on the other hand, generally do notify the state aid schemes and individual aid, but employ certain “
avoidance
strategies” in cases where it might be anticipated that a specific aid would not meet the criteria for approval; such aid is either intentionally not being notified (e.g. state aid provided for air transport in the FYR Macedonia) or gets authorised in a non-transparent procedure.
law
contournement
Décrit les stratégies utilisées pour contourner les obligations de notification ou d’approbation des aides d’État.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The central governments, on the other hand, generally do notify the state aid schemes and individual aid, but employ certain “
avoidance strategies
” in cases where it might be anticipated that a specific aid would not meet the criteria for approval; such aid is either intentionally not being notified (e.g. state aid provided for air transport in the FYR Macedonia) or gets authorised in a non-transparent procedure.
law
stratégies de contournement
Méthodes utilisées pour contourner une exigence, ici l’obligation de notifier les aides d’État.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Unfair bias
avoidance
general
prévention
évitement
Ici, cela signifie empêcher qu’un biais injuste se produise ou influence un jugement.
User Experience + Artificial Intelligence: Assessing the Qualities of AI-infused Systems
This study develops a method for evaluating the user experience of systems that incorporate artificial intelligence. It examines existing approaches, validates the AIXE evaluation scale and applies it to domestic smart speakers.
Unfair bias avoidance
ethics
prévention des biais injustes
L’effort visant à prévenir les jugements biaisés ou les résultats qui traitent les personnes de manière injuste.
User Experience + Artificial Intelligence: Assessing the Qualities of AI-infused Systems
This study develops a method for evaluating the user experience of systems that incorporate artificial intelligence. It examines existing approaches, validates the AIXE evaluation scale and applies it to domestic smart speakers.
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