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bottom up
Biblioteca
The present bottom-up study allows for the perspective to be broadened by looking at how EU and transnational law have affected constitutional cultures in specific areas. +1
research
исследование снизу вверх
исследование «снизу вверх»
Исследование, которое рассматривает тему, начиная с отдельных областей или нижних уровней, а не с системы в целом.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
A key aspect of this layer is requirement identification, which follows a combined top-down and bottom-up approach [28]. +1
technology
подход сверху вниз и снизу вверх
Метод, который объединяет цели высокого уровня с потребностями, выявленными на этапах реализации.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
in the bottom-up direction, it is one of initiative and inspiration
law
направление снизу вверх
Направление влияния, при котором изменения инициируются единицами нижнего уровня и распространяются вверх.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
He has argued for the retention of national legal systems as autonomous national laboratories of human rights, involving a bottom-up approach to the evolution of human rights.
law
подход снизу вверх
Подход, при котором изменения исходят с местного или национального уровня, а не навязываются сверху.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
We hope that the wealth of bottom-up constitutionalism on display in these two volumes will give them the confidence to do so.
law
конституционализм снизу вверх
Форма конституционализма, складывающаяся благодаря процессам и практике на нижних уровнях, а не навязываемая сверху.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
They can combine top-down and bottom-up, thus improving the efficiency of social organizations.
governance
сверху вниз и снизу вверх
Сочетание подходов, задаваемых руководством, и инициатив, исходящих с нижних уровней или от местных участников.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
The construction of AI cities cannot only rely on the execution of the “top-down” top-level design, but must also stimulate the collaborative innovation of scientific and technological enterprises, universities, scientific research institutions, and local governments, and promote the intelligence of the whole life cycle of planning, construction, management, and operation from the bottom up.
urbanism
снизу вверх
Начиная с местных участников или нижнего уровня и переходя к более масштабным действиям.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
Moving from single management to diverse intelligent management, a combination of “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches should be employed.
governance
подходы «сверху вниз» и «снизу вверх»
Сочетание принятия решений сверху и инициатив, возникающих на нижних уровнях или в местных сообществах.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
Along with the advancement of technology and industries, the AI-driven cities will transition from top-down policy-driven approaches to bottom-up demand-driven initiatives.
urbanism
от подходов, задаваемых сверху и продиктованных политикой, к инициативам, идущим снизу и обусловленным спросом
Описывает переход от централизованного планирования, определяемого политикой, к инициативам, формируемым местными потребностями и спросом.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
The layer uses a bottom-up approach to refine validation criteria based on real-world data sources and stakeholder needs.
technology
подход снизу вверх
Подход, при котором правила разрабатываются или уточняются на основе реальных данных и потребностей заинтересованных сторон.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.