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/ˈprəʊ.ses.ɪŋ/
US
/ˈprɑː.ses.ɪŋ/
Library
Stabilization and association process
politics
процесс стабилизации и ассоциации
Механизм ЕС, направленный на поддержку стабилизации и укрепление отношений со странами, стремящимися к более тесным связям с Союзом.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The costs of mergers, both in terms of resources and time, would decrease and that would speed up the restructuring process and boost the TFP increase.
economics
ускорить процесс реструктуризации
Сделать процесс реорганизации компаний или отраслей быстрее.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
An important insight for this analysis is that adoption of technology creates ex ante certain fixed costs, which are far below the size of the fixed cost of the R&D that should produce innovation, and there is no uncertainty regarding the outcome of the process, unlike in the case of R&D, but the fixed costs of technology transfer are still substantial and unavoidable since they provide the firm with adoption capacity.
technology
отсутствие неопределённости относительно результата процесса
Результат процесса известен или предсказуем, в отличие от неопределённого результата исследований и разработок.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Its opinions and recommendations cannot replace the normal functioning of the democratic political process.
politics
нормальное функционирование демократического политического процесса
Обычное осуществление демократического процесса принятия политических решений.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
the vested interests have a strong ability to influence the decision-making process of the government and other public institutions
governance
влиять на процесс принятия решений
Оказывать влияние на то, как рассматриваются и принимаются решения.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
These reference points should give us a clear picture of the positioning of the Western Balkan countries vis-à-vis countries that are at least in principle at different stages of the transition process towards well-functioning market economies.
economics
разные этапы переходного процесса
Различные фазы перехода к другой экономической системе.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
This risk, the argument goes, cannot be mitigated by a strict authorisation process under the control of the judiciary, given that the judiciary in weak institutional environment is also subject to capture by vested interests.
law
строгая процедура санкционирования
Строгая официальная процедура получения санкции, призванная снизить риск злоупотреблений.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
For many developing jurisdictions it is typical to observe specific patterns, where, for example, agriculture and food-processing industry still represents a high share in domestic value added, and food products represent a major share in the average consumption basket.
industry
пищевая промышленность
Отрасль, занимающаяся переработкой сельскохозяйственной продукции и других продуктов питания.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
They have some common traits and a convergence process occurred on some elements.
economics
процесс сближения
Процесс, в ходе которого правила или подходы разных стран становятся более похожими.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
In the merger review process, they identified five potentially problematic locations.
law
процедура рассмотрения слияния
Процедура, в ходе которой слияние рассматривают, обычно органы по вопросам конкуренции.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
In the process of editing, some of the technical papers were posted to the specialised website ( www.stajetokonkurencija.org ), rather than being included in this volume.
publishing
в процессе редактирования
Во время работы по доработке и подготовке материалов к публикации.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Through algorithmic allocation, precise access to the most suitable processing capabilities and equipment from a series of related enterprises within the city is obtained.
manufacturing
обработка
Часть сочетания «processing capabilities» — речь о том, что производственные мощности могут делать с материалами или изделиями.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
