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challenged
UK
/ˈtʃælɪndʒd/
US
/ˈtʃælɪndʒd/
Resumen
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Contenido multimedia
619
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222
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The EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24 has seen constitutional
challenges
in a number of Member States.
+70
law
оспаривание
оспаривания
иск
оспаривать
правовое оспаривание
возражение
оспорить
Описывает положение, действительность или конституционность которого оспаривается.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
to
challenge
the validity of EU measures
+55
law
оспаривать
оспаривать в суде
оспаривал
оспорил
оспорили
оспорен
оспорить
оспариваемый
ставит под сомнение
Описывает положение, действительность или конституционность которого оспаривается.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
the new
challenges
posed to constitutional law
+37
law
вызов
вызовы
проблемы
правовой вызов
оспаривание
трудности
трудность
задачи
оспаривания
оспаривать
Это слово обозначает трудности, возникающие при применении референдума к заключению международных договоров.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
challenges
of digital twins
+19
technology
трудности
проблемы
проблема
вызовы
трудность
задача
Обозначает нерешённую исследовательскую задачу, связанную с поиском полного решения.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
Interdisciplinary
challenges
+12
research
задачи
сложность
трудности
трудность
проблема
сложные задачи
проблемы
Здесь слово означает сложные моральные вопросы, поднятые Питером Сингером, а не соревнование или приглашение посоревноваться.
Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories
This Open Access Book is the first to examine disasters from a multidisciplinary perspective. Justification of actions in the face of disasters requires recourse both to conceptual analysis and ethical traditions. Part 1 of the book contains chapters on how disasters are conceptualized in different academic disciplines relevant to disasters. Part 2 has chapters on how ethical issues that arise in relation to disasters can be addressed from a number of fundamental normative approaches in moral and political philosophy. This book sets the stage for more focused normative debates given that no one book can be completely comprehensive.
However, involving people with dementia in the design process often poses
challenges
, showing the need to explore alternative methods to design for people who have dementia.
+12
design
трудности
проблема
трудность
задача
проблемы
сложности
Относится к возможным проблемам, которые следует учитывать при проектировании занятий.
Dementia Lab 2025: Ethics + Aesthetics in Design
This collection presents research on designing with and for people living with dementia. Its studies examine participatory methods, care environments, technology and everyday experiences, with attention to ethical questions and aesthetic engagement.
without being
challenged
+12
warfare
вызвать на поединок
бросить вызов
бросать вызов
вызывает на бой
вызывать на бой
вызывает на поединок
Здесь имеется в виду официальный вызов на поединок из-за королевы.
Four Arthurian Romances
"Four Arthurian Romances" by Chrétien de Troyes is a collection of medieval narratives written in the latter part of the 12th century. This work encompasses the stories of four heroes: Erec, Cligés, Yvain, and Lancelot, each exploring the themes of chivalry, romance, and adventure intertwined with the sophisticated ideals of courtly love. The romances reflect the rich tapestry of Arthurian legend, showcasing knights undertaking noble quests and engaging in battles for honor and love. The opening of "Four Arthurian Romances" introduces the tale of Erec and Enide, beginning with King Arthur's court and the announcement of a hunt for the elusive White Stag, which involves a significant and potentially troublesome tradition. Erec, a prominent knight, is drawn into conflict after a dwarf and a knight insult and strike a damsel at the court. Following this assault, Erec seeks to avenge the honor of the lady, embarking on a quest that leads him through various perils and encounters. His journey sets the stage for themes of valor and love as Erec strives to prove himself worthy, ultimately leading to his romantic involvement with Enide and the promise of her marriage. The romance illustrates not just action and adventure, but also explores the emotional and social dynamics of courtly life in a quintessential chivalric manner.
brought both excitement and
challenges
+11
technology
трудности
проблемы
задача
задачи
трудность
проблема
Дисбаланс между воспринимаемым интеллектом и доверием назван важной проблемой для дальнейшего развития.
User Experience + Artificial Intelligence: Assessing the Qualities of AI-infused Systems
This study develops a method for evaluating the user experience of systems that incorporate artificial intelligence. It examines existing approaches, validates the AIXE evaluation scale and applies it to domestic smart speakers.
Finns fought against arbitrary Russian interferences by advancing a
constitutional challenge
.
+10
law
конституционное противодействие
оспаривание конституционности
конституционное оспаривание
Попытка противостоять действиям, опираясь на конституционные принципы или требования.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
emotional
challenges
, and mental health concerns
+10
psychology
трудности
проблема
трудность
трудная задача
Обозначает проблему, которую рассматривает исследование музыкальной терапии.
Child-Centred Music Therapy
This book examines how the best interests of the child can guide music therapy theory, research and practice. Drawing on children’s rights and sociocultural perspectives, it reviews research on family care, education, mental health and paediatric settings, and discusses participation and ethical decision-making.
the
challenges
that lay ahead
+10
education
трудности
сложность
вызовы
трудные задачи
трудность
вызов
Описывает сложную ситуацию, которая также может стать возможностью для развития.
The Ultimate Guide to Teacher Well-Being
This practical guide explains how education policy, school environments and individual habits can support teacher well-being. It presents research-based measures, implementation steps and examples from schools around the world, with dashboards for assessing the evidence and likely impact of each approach.
social and environmental
challenges
+8
urban
проблема
задача
проблемы
угроза
Используется в заголовке, чтобы обозначить трудности развития городов с ИИ.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
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