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margin
UK
/ˈmɑːdʒɪn/
US
/ˈmɑrdʒɪn/
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the acceptable
margins
of behaviour for institutions
+26
law
пределы
предел
предел усмотрения
пределы усмотрения
пространство
предел свободы усмотрения
пространство для усмотрения
пространство для действий
Используется в юридических выражениях margin of discretion и margin of appreciation для обозначения допустимой свободы действий.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
However, what is often overlooked is that the ECHR sets the minimum floor of protection for forty-seven countries in the wider European area, and the ECtHR grants the states a considerable
margin of appreciation
.
+11
law
предел усмотрения
пределы усмотрения
более широкая свобода усмотрения
Свобода усмотрения, которую Европейский суд по правам человека оставляет государствам при применении стандартов в области прав человека.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
the existing price-cost
margin
+9
economics
маржа
Часть термина «маржа цена—издержки» — экономического показателя, связывающего цены продажи с затратами.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
the limits on any
margin of discretion
permitted a Member State
+7
law
предел усмотрения
пределы усмотрения
свобода усмотрения
Степень свободы государства или органа власти при выборе способа применения нормы.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
There would also appear to be a growing willingness of the UK courts to go beyond the requirements of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights to provide a stronger protection of human rights in areas where the Strasbourg Court grants a
wide margin of appreciation
.
+2
law
широкие пределы усмотрения
широкая свобода усмотрения
Широкая свобода действий, предоставленная государству или органу при применении стандартов в области прав человека.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Simple algebra reveals the “critical loss” of output that would make the monopolist indifferent: (4)where M = (P0−C)/P0, the existing
price-cost margin
.
+2
economics
маржа между ценой и издержками
маржа между ценой и предельными издержками
Часть цены товара, превышающая издержки; здесь она выражена как доля цены.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
In practice, it will not always be easy to determine the
margin of manoeuvre
left to the Member States.
+1
law
пространство для манёвра
Степень свободы усмотрения, имеющаяся у государств-членов при применении или толковании правил.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
The general principles are interpreted in a way that gives a
wide margin of discretion
to the EU institutions.
+1
law
широкая свобода усмотрения
Широкая свобода органа власти выбирать способ действий или принимать решение по вопросу.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
at the very
margin
of capacities
+1
economics
предел
порог
В выражении “enforcement margin” обозначает порог, вокруг которого принимаются решения о правоприменении в отношении слияний.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
the percentage profit
margin
earned by the iron ore company
+1
economics
маржа
рентабельность
В выражении «рентабельность» относится к показателю прибыли фирм.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The percentage
profit margin
earned by the iron ore company in its sales to steel manufacturers.
+1
economics
маржа прибыли
Доля выручки от продаж, которую компания получает в виде прибыли.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
relegated to the
margins
of the text
+1
literature
периферия
Употреблено в переносном смысле — о недостатке внимания к растениям в литературных текстах.
Environmental Humanities in India
This collection examines environmental questions in India through literature, culture, Indigenous knowledge and the arts. Its essays explore relationships between people and landscapes, conservation, ecological justice and representations of environmental change.
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