The second group relates to how the main institutions exert their powers.+4
law
exercer
Renvoie à la manière dont les institutions exercent leurs pouvoirs légaux.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Permanent Magnets.—A permanent magnet is a piece of steel in which an electric force is exerted at all times.+3
physics
exercer
« Exercer » s’emploie avec « force » pour décrire l’action d’un aimant sur d’autres objets.
Electricity for Boys
"Electricity for Boys" by James Slough Zerbe is a practical guide written in the early 20th century. This work falls within the category of educational publications aimed at teaching young boys the fundamental concepts and applications of electricity through hands-on experiments. It emphasizes the importance of practical experience and experimentation over theoretical knowledge alone. The beginning of the text introduces the fascinating world of electricity, stressing the value of learning through practical application while experimenting with various tools and techniques. Zerbe explains that electricity can be understood better when boys engage directly with the material rather than through rote memorization of its principles. He lays out the book's fundamental approach to education, which involves experimenting, building, and discovering the principles that govern electrical phenomena. This foundational philosophy sets the stage for the more detailed chapters on specific electrical concepts and devices, reflecting a broader goal of fostering critical thinking and hands-on learning among young readers.
exerted a continuous influence on it+2
general
exercer
S’emploie avec « influence » pour décrire l’effet continu de la crise sur la Constitution.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
organised sport ‘exerted a far greater hold in New Zealand’+2
sport
exercer
Dans la citation, le sport organisé a exercé une forte influence ou a eu un grand attrait en Nouvelle-Zélande.
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
the raiser of the stone had to exert as much energy+2
physics
exercer
appliquer
déployer
«Déployer» s’emploie avec « énergie » pour décrire l’effort nécessaire pour soulever la pierre.
The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century
"The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century" by Thomas Henry Huxley is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work examines the significant advancements in physical science, technology, and their impact on civilization over the past fifty years, showcasing how these developments have transformed human life and understanding. Huxley aims to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific progress and its implications for society. The opening of this publication sets the stage by reflecting upon the remarkable increase in industrial production and the pivotal role of physical science during the Victorian era. Huxley outlines how machinery and improved techniques have elevated living standards and mitigated suffering from diseases and scarcity. He discusses the historical context of scientific inquiry, highlighting the evolution of natural knowledge since ancient Greece and the importance of hypotheses in driving scientific progress. The beginning emphasizes the interconnectedness of scientific advancements with industrial growth and societal changes, asserting that the pursuit of knowledge has been, and should be, an intrinsic motivation beyond mere utilitarian outcomes.
Erec exerts himself and strives; he brought his sword down upon his enemy's helmet, cleaving it to the inner lining of mail and making him stagger; but he stood firmly and did not fall.+2
general
s’efforcer
Fait un grand effort.
Four Arthurian Romances
"Four Arthurian Romances" by Chrétien de Troyes is a collection of medieval narratives written in the latter part of the 12th century. This work encompasses the stories of four heroes: Erec, Cligés, Yvain, and Lancelot, each exploring the themes of chivalry, romance, and adventure intertwined with the sophisticated ideals of courtly love. The romances reflect the rich tapestry of Arthurian legend, showcasing knights undertaking noble quests and engaging in battles for honor and love. The opening of "Four Arthurian Romances" introduces the tale of Erec and Enide, beginning with King Arthur's court and the announcement of a hunt for the elusive White Stag, which involves a significant and potentially troublesome tradition. Erec, a prominent knight, is drawn into conflict after a dwarf and a knight insult and strike a damsel at the court. Following this assault, Erec seeks to avenge the honor of the lady, embarking on a quest that leads him through various perils and encounters. His journey sets the stage for themes of valor and love as Erec strives to prove himself worthy, ultimately leading to his romantic involvement with Enide and the promise of her marriage. The romance illustrates not just action and adventure, but also explores the emotional and social dynamics of courtly life in a quintessential chivalric manner.
...publicly accused the SRI of exerting undue pressure on the justices...
law
exerçant une pression indue sur les juges
Exercer une pression inappropriée ou excessive sur les juges pour influencer leurs décisions.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Indirectly, the National Assembly will also be able to exert its influence over all the elements of the international treaty that are already included in the text of the initiative and thus co-decide the frame of the negotiations.
politics
exercer son influence sur quelque chose
Utiliser sa capacité à agir sur quelque chose ou à le façonner.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
At the same time, they exert influence on lawmaking at the European level.
law
exercer une influence sur l’élaboration des lois
Avoir un effet sur la manière dont les lois sont élaborées.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Still, the financial crisis has put a severe strain on the Constitution and exerted a continuous influence on it, as it has on most constitutions in the legal orders that have been struck by the financial crisis.
law
exercer une influence continue sur
Avoir un effet continu sur quelque chose.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
A first group encompasses the choices concerning the institutional set-up; the second group relates to how the main institutions exert their powers, something we may refer to as the “implementation”.
law
exercer leurs pouvoirs
Utiliser ou exercer l’autorité et les pouvoirs légaux dont disposent les institutions.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries