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The visible change in the attitude of the highest Swedish courts in relation to judicial review during the last few years, under the influence of EU law
as will be explained below
, is probably the clearest example of this kind of ‘constitutional influence’.
+1
general
comme on l’expliquera plus loin
Une phrase qui renvoie le lecteur à une explication qui apparaît plus loin dans le texte.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Using the soil temperature surrounding the > heat storage system
below the ground surface
(h 1 m) is complicated as a reference temperature.
+1
engineering
sous la surface du sol
Situé sous la surface du sol.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
This re-assessment determines whether any target object’s actually covered surface (from all scans actually acquired up to the current location and all remaining planned scans)
falls below
the designated τ coverage threshold of (65%).
+1
robotics
passer sous
Indique qu’une valeur mesurée est inférieure à une limite ou à un seuil spécifié.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
The rule says
below 120 lux
.
+1
lighting
en dessous de 120 lux
inférieur à 120 lux
Un seuil de niveau d’éclairage ; la règle s’applique lorsque l’éclairement est inférieur à 120 lux.
A Hallway Light That Does Not Wake the House
Original evidence-led technical case for Designing a Motion-Sensor Lighting Rule.
She obeyed, and
went below
.
+1
general
descendit
Décrit le fait de se déplacer vers un niveau inférieur ou une partie inférieure d’une structure.
A Honeymoon in Space
A Honeymoon in Space is a 1901 novel by George Griffith. It was originally serialized in abridged form in Pearson's Magazine in 1900 under the title Stories of Other Worlds. The scientific romance story depicts a tour of the Solar System, a type of story that was in vogue at the time.
So
come below
and we'll shut up.
+1
nautical
descends
Une invitation ou un ordre de se déplacer à un niveau inférieur, en particulier à bord d’un navire.
A Honeymoon in Space
A Honeymoon in Space is a 1901 novel by George Griffith. It was originally serialized in abridged form in Pearson's Magazine in 1900 under the title Stories of Other Worlds. The scientific romance story depicts a tour of the Solar System, a type of story that was in vogue at the time.
The referendum thus bears the risk of impairing Switzerland as an actor on the international plane, and was disputed for that reason,
as will be discussed below
.
general
comme cela sera examiné plus loin
Une expression de rédaction universitaire qui renvoie le lecteur à une partie ultérieure du texte.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
International treaties that have been ratified, published and have entered into force have
the position immediately below the Constitution
.
law
la position immédiatement inférieure à la Constitution
Une place située directement en dessous de la Constitution dans une hiérarchie de l’autorité juridique.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
They
stand above ordinary laws, but below the norms of constitutional legal force
.
law
se situer au-dessus des lois ordinaires, mais au-dessous des normes de valeur constitutionnelle
Décrit le rang juridique relatif des traités internationaux : ils prévalent sur les lois ordinaires, mais pas sur les normes constitutionnelles.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
we can
make the observations below
general
formuler les observations suivantes
Une expression académique formelle qui introduit les remarques qui suivent.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
However, this is not to deny that there have been some situations in which EU law has
fallen below the domestic standard of protection
.
law
être passé en dessous de la norme interne de protection
Décrit un niveau de protection inférieur à la norme appliquée au sein du système juridique interne.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
This constitutional provision reflects the traditional Swedish stance on limited judicial review (in 1997 more so than today,
as explained below
).
general
comme expliqué plus loin
Une expression qui renvoie le lecteur à une explication qui apparaît plus loin dans le texte.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
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