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makers
UK
/ˈmeɪ.kəz/
US
/ˈmeɪ.kɚz/
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To what extent was the advice of legal scholars and experts followed by
political decision-makers
?
+1
politics
décideurs politiques
Personnes qui ont le pouvoir de prendre des décisions en matière politique.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Killing infants:
Angel makers
in Europe from the 19th to 20th centuries.
+1
history
faiseurs d’anges
Terme historique désignant des personnes qui recueillaient des nourrissons puis les tuaient, souvent employé par euphémisme.
Child-Centred Music Therapy
This book examines how the best interests of the child can guide music therapy theory, research and practice. Drawing on children’s rights and sociocultural perspectives, it reviews research on family care, education, mental health and paediatric settings, and discusses participation and ethical decision-making.
In the German case, the Court focused on the importance of the fact that Parliament remains the
central decision-maker
over the budget and that it retains a veto over the decisions of the ESM with Germany’s shares.
law
autorité décisionnelle centrale
L’autorité principale chargée de prendre les décisions, ici en lien avec le budget.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
This self-executing nature of fundamental rights seems to be an inviolable part of the Constitution,
beyond the reach of the constitution-maker
.
law
hors de portée du pouvoir constituant
Non soumis à l’autorité ni au contrôle de l’organe qui a élaboré la constitution.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
Vulnerability should be reduced through empowering
individual autonomous decision-makers
.
bioethics
individus autonomes prenant leurs propres décisions
Personnes considérées individuellement comme des agents indépendants capables de prendre leurs propres décisions.
Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories
This Open Access Book is the first to examine disasters from a multidisciplinary perspective. Justification of actions in the face of disasters requires recourse both to conceptual analysis and ethical traditions. Part 1 of the book contains chapters on how disasters are conceptualized in different academic disciplines relevant to disasters. Part 2 has chapters on how ethical issues that arise in relation to disasters can be addressed from a number of fundamental normative approaches in moral and political philosophy. This book sets the stage for more focused normative debates given that no one book can be completely comprehensive.
The tools assist
decision makers
in distinguishing central from secondary issues.
economics
décideurs
Personnes chargées de prendre des décisions, ici au sein des autorités ou agences de la concurrence.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Moreover, the Commission advocacy activities are not fully
recognised by policy makers
and it needs to acquire more credibility and resources, as an effective and impartial advocate for competition.
policy
reconnu par les décideurs politiques
Reconnu ou pris au sérieux par les personnes qui façonnent les politiques publiques.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The Conclusion includes final remarks and recommendations for the Serbian Commission and
policy makers
.
policy
décideurs politiques
Personnes chargées d’élaborer ou de décider des politiques publiques.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
This can be done by performing market inquiries and by acting as an advisor and
a constant watchdog of the policy-makers
.
policy
un organe de surveillance permanent des décideurs politiques
Un organisme qui surveille en permanence les décisions des décideurs politiques et les remet en question.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
The first characteristic is to
scientifically empower the judgment of decision makers
.
technology
renforcer scientifiquement le jugement des décideurs
Utiliser des méthodes scientifiques pour améliorer la qualité des jugements des décideurs.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
ReSTO is a digital-twin based platform for
municipal decision-makers
enabling the optimization of required investments into their building stock, by assessing alternative scenarios across various aspects, including technology, building and infrastructure design, urban planning, and costs.
governance
décideurs municipaux
Fonctionnaires ou autres personnes responsables de prendre des décisions pour une municipalité.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
Killing infants: Angel
makers
in Europe from the 19th to 20th centuries.
history
faiseur d’anges
Dans « faiseurs d’anges », ce mot fait partie d’une appellation euphémistique désignant des personnes qui ont tué des nourrissons.
Child-Centred Music Therapy
This book examines how the best interests of the child can guide music therapy theory, research and practice. Drawing on children’s rights and sociocultural perspectives, it reviews research on family care, education, mental health and paediatric settings, and discusses participation and ethical decision-making.
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