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...for estimating demand and
cost
functions.
+37
economics
затраты
издержки
затрата
расходы
издержка
Относится к расходам больниц, которые рассматриваются наряду с ценами.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
translation
costs
+7
law
расходы
судебные издержки
расходы по делу
Operating costs — это текущие расходы на работу службы или предприятия.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
intervention
cost
+6
building
стоимость
затраты
расходы
Относится к финансовым затратам на варианты реновации.
Building Digital Twins
These conference proceedings present research on building digital twins and the transition to sustainable, resilient built environments. Contributions address building information modelling, indoor environmental assessment, smart sensors, energy performance and related digital technologies.
the social
cost
of an impaired competition
+3
economics
издержки
затраты
Употребляется в экономическом значении потерь, возникающих из-за ошибок при принятии решений.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Estimating the value of foresight: Aggregate analysis of natural hazard mitigation benefits and
costs
.
+2
economics
затраты
стоимость
Затраты — это расходы, которые ориентированный на рынок человек стремится сократить.
Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories
This Open Access Book is the first to examine disasters from a multidisciplinary perspective. Justification of actions in the face of disasters requires recourse both to conceptual analysis and ethical traditions. Part 1 of the book contains chapters on how disasters are conceptualized in different academic disciplines relevant to disasters. Part 2 has chapters on how ethical issues that arise in relation to disasters can be addressed from a number of fundamental normative approaches in moral and political philosophy. This book sets the stage for more focused normative debates given that no one book can be completely comprehensive.
sometimes at the
cost
of their own lives
+2
humanitarian
цена
издержки
Обозначает жертву или потерю, которую несёт организм, принося пользу другому.
Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories
This Open Access Book is the first to examine disasters from a multidisciplinary perspective. Justification of actions in the face of disasters requires recourse both to conceptual analysis and ethical traditions. Part 1 of the book contains chapters on how disasters are conceptualized in different academic disciplines relevant to disasters. Part 2 has chapters on how ethical issues that arise in relation to disasters can be addressed from a number of fundamental normative approaches in moral and political philosophy. This book sets the stage for more focused normative debates given that no one book can be completely comprehensive.
The derivations use the margin between price (or sometimes marginal revenue) and
marginal cost
.
+2
economics
предельные издержки
Дополнительные издержки на производство ещё одной единицы товара; они сопоставляются с ценой или предельной выручкой для анализа стимулов фирм.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Variable cost
+2
economics
переменные издержки
Затраты, изменяющиеся в зависимости от объёма производства или деятельности.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Simple algebra reveals the “critical loss” of output that would make the monopolist indifferent: (4)where M = (P0−C)/P0, the existing
price-cost margin
.
+2
economics
маржа между ценой и издержками
маржа между ценой и предельными издержками
Часть цены товара, превышающая издержки; здесь она выражена как доля цены.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Our fares are so close to the first
cost
.
+2
business
затраты
стоимость
«Первоначальная стоимость» означает затраты на строительство, в отличие от последующих эксплуатационных расходов.
Men of Invention and Industry
"Men of Invention and Industry" by Samuel Smiles is a historical account likely written in the late 19th century. The book examines the lives and contributions of various inventors and industrialists, highlighting their impact on society, particularly within British industry, with an emphasis on significant advancements such as shipbuilding and steam power. The opening of the book sets the stage with a discussion of the early history of English shipbuilding, beginning with the figure of Phineas Pett. It explores the humble beginnings of the British navy and the advancements made under historical figures like Henry VIII. Various early challenges in shipbuilding are elucidated, alongside the importance of foreign expertise in developing England’s maritime capabilities. The narrative illustrates a shift from a heavy reliance on importing goods and expertise to a burgeoning English independence in shipbuilding and trade, paving the way for a stronger national identity tied to maritime innovation.
paying unexpected
costs
+2
travel
расходы
Имеются в виду дополнительные расходы, связанные с размещением.
No Room at Harbor Street Hotel
A complete fictional case file containing a booking confirmation, incident note, option comparison, reception negotiation and final written arrangement.
Could you confirm the regular
costs
that are not included in the rent?
+2
finance
стоимость
расходы
Относится к расходам на выбранный вариант жилья.
Two Flats, One Decision
A complete fictional case file with two comparable listings, landlord replies, cost ranges, commute calculations and a conditional decision.
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