Означает физическую работу, за которую получают деньги; в тексте использовано британское написание.
Men of Invention and Industry
"Men of Invention and Industry" by Samuel Smiles is a historical account likely written in the late 19th century. The book examines the lives and contributions of various inventors and industrialists, highlighting their impact on society, particularly within British industry, with an emphasis on significant advancements such as shipbuilding and steam power. The opening of the book sets the stage with a discussion of the early history of English shipbuilding, beginning with the figure of Phineas Pett. It explores the humble beginnings of the British navy and the advancements made under historical figures like Henry VIII. Various early challenges in shipbuilding are elucidated, alongside the importance of foreign expertise in developing England’s maritime capabilities. The narrative illustrates a shift from a heavy reliance on importing goods and expertise to a burgeoning English independence in shipbuilding and trade, paving the way for a stronger national identity tied to maritime innovation.
coerced labour+26
labor
труд
трудовой
физический труд
рабочая сила
Британский вариант написания слова «labor»; в данном контексте оно может обозначать труд, связанный с миграцией.
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
...a better understanding of labour migration.+19
history
трудовая миграция
Миграция, при которой люди переезжают в другое место ради работы.
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
constitutional protection of labour rights+16
law
труд
трудовой
Входит в термин «трудовое право» — отрасль права, регулирующую трудовые отношения и условия работы.
National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law: National Reports
This two-volume book, published open access, brings together leading scholars of constitutional law from twenty-nine European countries to revisit the role of national constitutions at a time when decision-making has increasingly shifted to the European and transnational level. It offers important insights into three areas. First, it explores how constitutions reflect the transfer of powers from domestic to European and global institutions. Secondly, it revisits substantive constitutional values, such as the protection of constitutional rights, the rule of law, democratic participation and constitutional review, along with constitutional court judgments that tackle the protection of these rights and values in the transnational context, e.g. with regard to the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant, the ESM Treaty, and EU and IMF austerity measures. The responsiveness of the ECJ regarding the above rights and values, along with the standard of protection, is also assessed.
the concept of emotional labour+10
psychology
труд
эмоциональный труд
В сочетании «эмоциональный труд» слово обозначает необходимость управлять эмоциями или демонстрировать их в рамках преподавательской работы. Это британское написание; в американском английском пишут «labor».
The Ultimate Guide to Teacher Well-Being
This practical guide explains how education policy, school environments and individual habits can support teacher well-being. It presents research-based measures, implementation steps and examples from schools around the world, with dashboards for assessing the evidence and likely impact of each approach.
The section is titled “Labour Migration and Labour Mobility.”+9
migration
трудовая мобильность
Перемещение работников между местами или видами работы.
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
This is captured by the concept of emotional labour, which refers to the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfil the emotional requirements of a job.+9
psychology
эмоциональный труд
Работа по управлению чувствами и их выражением, чтобы соответствовать требованиям профессии.
The Ultimate Guide to Teacher Well-Being
This practical guide explains how education policy, school environments and individual habits can support teacher well-being. It presents research-based measures, implementation steps and examples from schools around the world, with dashboards for assessing the evidence and likely impact of each approach.
Their methods of labor.+4
history
труд
В тексте говорится, что ИИ может частично заменять работников и выполняемый ими труд.
The AI City
This book develops the concept of an artificial intelligence city and examines its theoretical foundations, technologies and applications. Practical cases explore how urban planning and intelligent systems can support city development, services and management.
Petitions came in to President Lincoln from distinguished citizens and organizations, strongly urging a comprehensive and unified plan of dealing with the freedmen, under a bureau which should be “charged with the study of plans and execution of measures for easily guiding, and in every way judiciously and humanely aiding, the passage of our emancipated and yet to be emancipated blacks from the old condition of forced labor to their new state of voluntary industry.”+3
labor
принудительный труд
Труд, навязанный людям без их свободного выбора, особенно в условиях принуждения или рабства.
The Souls of Black Folk
"The Souls of Black Folk" by W. E. B. Du Bois is a collection of essays published in 1903. This groundbreaking work explores the African-American experience through personal observations and social analysis. Du Bois introduces influential concepts like "double consciousness"—the experience of viewing oneself through both one's own eyes and those of a prejudiced society—and "the veil" that separates black and white Americans. Through essays on education, freedom, and justice, he examines the color line dividing races and argues for voting rights, quality education, and equal treatment.
all of them will fall to any labor that I put them to+3
general
труд
усилия
Здесь labor означает трудное дело или тяжёлую задачу, а не просто физическую работу.
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
"King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table" by Sir Thomas Malory is a prose compilation written around 1470. This Middle English work weaves together legendary tales of King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin, and the Knights of the Round Table. Malory assembled and reworked material from various French and English sources to create a complete narrative spanning Arthur's conception to his death. The compilation includes the quest for the Holy Grail and the legend of Tristan and Iseult, creating one of the most influential works of Arthurian literature.
especially labour+2
economics
труд
рабочая сила
Британский вариант написания слова “labor”; здесь это заголовок таблицы, обозначающий труд как фактор производства.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
we laboured night and day to effect it+2
history
трудились
усердно работать над
усердно работая
Описывает длительные усилия Брюнеля, который работал над несколькими возможными планами.
Men of Invention and Industry
"Men of Invention and Industry" by Samuel Smiles is a historical account likely written in the late 19th century. The book examines the lives and contributions of various inventors and industrialists, highlighting their impact on society, particularly within British industry, with an emphasis on significant advancements such as shipbuilding and steam power. The opening of the book sets the stage with a discussion of the early history of English shipbuilding, beginning with the figure of Phineas Pett. It explores the humble beginnings of the British navy and the advancements made under historical figures like Henry VIII. Various early challenges in shipbuilding are elucidated, alongside the importance of foreign expertise in developing England’s maritime capabilities. The narrative illustrates a shift from a heavy reliance on importing goods and expertise to a burgeoning English independence in shipbuilding and trade, paving the way for a stronger national identity tied to maritime innovation.