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upward
UK
/ˈʌpwəd/
US
/ˈʌpwərd/
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Upward pricing pressure
is one of the economic tools used in merger analysis.
+11
economics
давление в сторону повышения цен
давление на повышение цен
повышательное ценовое давление
восходящее ценовое давление
повышательное давление на цены
Стимул или давление, возникающее вследствие слияния и способное привести к повышению цен.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
upward
pricing pressure
+8
economics
повышательный
повышающий
направленный вверх
повышательное
восходящий
Здесь слово описывает давление, которое может привести к росту цен, — понятие, используемое в анализе конкуренции.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Which face belongs
upwards
?
+1
general
вверх
Указывает, в какую сторону должна быть обращена сторона с пазом.
Which face belongs upwards?
Accessible representation of the independent PDF and its original visual. Same document, not a third independent material.
The use of
upward price pressure indices
in merger analysis.
law
индексы повышательного ценового давления
Показатели, используемые для оценки стимула повышать цены после слияния.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
An empirical comparison between the
upward pricing pressure test
and merger simulation in differentiated product markets.
economics
тест на давление в сторону повышения цен
Тест из экономики конкуренции, который оценивает, может ли слияние создать стимулы для повышения цен.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Efficiencies would be required to
counterbalance the upward pricing pressure
generated directly by the merger.
economics
компенсировать повышательное давление на цены
Уравновесить давление, вызванное слиянием и способное привести к повышению цен.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Thus increased attention came to be focused on the product DWX(PX – CX), the value to the merged firm of sales of W that were diverted by the price increase for W to sales of X, a parameter termed the “
Gross Upward Pricing Pressure Index
” (GUPPI) from the merger (Farrell and Shapiro 2010a; Moresi 2010).
economics
индекс валового восходящего ценового давления
Индекс для оценки стимула объединённой компании повышать цены с учётом перехода продаж между товарами и соответствующей маржи между ценой и издержками.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) might be considered a first cousin to the use of critical loss in the analysis of the unilateral effects of a proposed merger
economics
давление в сторону повышения цен
Показатель стимула к повышению цен, возникающего вследствие слияния; его рассматривают наряду с эффектом повышения эффективности и потерей конкуренции.
Competition Authorities in South Eastern Europe: Building Institutions in Emerging Markets
This open access book provides answers to key open questions concerning competition policy in emerging economies, with a focus on South Eastern Europe. The contributions address two major issues. One is the design of competition policy and the national competition authorities that enforce it, including the topics of competition advocacy and state aid control; the other is the use of economic methods in competition law enforcement, especially in the cases of relevant market definition and merger control. Many lessons learned in the countries of South Eastern Europe can be applied to the emerging markets of other regions. As such, the findings presented here will be highly relevant for officials and staff at national competition authorities, advisers to legislators shaping national competition policy, competition law professionals, and university students alike. ; Presents topical insights into the institutional design of national competition authorities Offers specific economic methods relevant for competition law enforcement Linked to a dedicated website providing information about ongoing competition law cases in SEE countries
This
upward trend
continued into 2023.
economics
восходящая тенденция
Модель изменения показателей или активности, при которой они со временем растут.
User Experience + Artificial Intelligence: Assessing the Qualities of AI-infused Systems
This study develops a method for evaluating the user experience of systems that incorporate artificial intelligence. It examines existing approaches, validates the AIXE evaluation scale and applies it to domestic smart speakers.
upward
of seventy thousand miles
travel
свыше
Выражение «upward of seventy thousand miles» означает «свыше семидесяти тысяч миль»; такое употребление формальное или устаревшее.
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
Having traveled during that period
upward of
seventy thousand miles by land and sea.
travel
свыше
Употребляется перед числом или количеством в значении «больше указанного» или «свыше».
European Theatre Migrants in the Age of Empire
This collection examines the journeys and working lives of European theatre practitioners during the age of empire. Historical case studies explore migration, performance, cultural exchange and the political conditions shaping theatrical careers across national borders.
P must slide down the vertical side-panel grooves and seat in the
upward-facing groove
in B.
engineering
паз, обращённый вверх
Паз, открытая сторона которого направлена вверх.
Which face belongs upwards?
Accessible representation of the independent PDF and its original visual. Same document, not a third independent material.
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